Abductive Reasoning	Reasoning in which explanatory hypotheses are formed and evaluated (Thagard & Shelley, 1997).
Assurance Engagement	An engagement in which a practitioner aims to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence in order to express a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the subject matter information (that is, the outcome of the measurement or evaluation of an underlying subject matter against criteria) (International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2013).
Attestation Engagement	An assurance engagement in which a party other than the practitioner measures or evaluates the underlying subject matter against the criteria. A party other than the practitioner also often presents the resulting subject matter information in a report or statement. In some cases, however, the subject matter information may be presented by the practitioner in the assurance report.  In an attestation engagement, the practitioner’s conclusion addresses whether the subject matter information is free from material misstatement. The practitioner’s conclusion may be phrased in terms of:  (i) The underlying subject matter and the applicable criteria; (ii) The subject matter information and the applicable criteria; or (iii) A statement made by the appropriate party (International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2013).
Auditing	A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between the assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users (American Accounting Association Committee on Basic Auditing Concepts, 1973)
Cold Reviewer	..Finding a friend, a colleague or even a family member who is prepared to be your editor or ‘cold reviewer’ is a great find. These are the sort of people how are worth their weight in gold and you should always cultivate and appreciate their efforts on your behalf. The main role of the cold reviewer is to read your essay to see whether you have answered the question and whether what you have written presents a cogent and comprehensive presentation of relevant arguments…. (Macqueen, 1998).
Critical Thinking	Critical thinking is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it (AICPA, 2020).
Elements of Financial Statements	Elements of financial statements are the building blocks with which financial statements are constructed. The term elements refers to broad classes, such as assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2021).
Facilitator	Someone who contributes structure and process to group interactions. Their role is to keep meetings focused and productive. Facilitators provide leadership without taking the reins: they help the group define its goals. They guide discussion and behavior to keep it on track, and help the group make decisions more effectively (GoalQPC, 2002).
Integrity	A state or condition of being whole, complete, unbroken, unimpaired, sound, perfect condition (Erhard, Jensen, & Zaffron, 2016). This wholeness rests upon an alignment of intention and purpose, that is, a commitment to sound moral principles (Monga, 2016).
Process	A structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus’s emphasis on what.  A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. … Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer’s point of view.  Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers (Davenport, 1993). A series of interrelated activities that convert inputs into results (outputs); processes consume resources and require standards for repeatable performance; and processes respond to control systems that direct the quality, rate, and cost of performance (APQC, 2012).
Professional Skepticism	The extant literature emphasizes three different definitions of professional skepticism. First, the neutral definition which states that the auditor neither assumes that management is dishonest nor assumes unquestioned honesty (O’Malley 2000) and which is referenced in numerous auditing standards. Second, the professional moral courage definition of professional skepticism, where auditors vary in their willingness to take skeptical actions (Hurtt et al. 2013). Last, the presumptive doubt definition which states that auditors present different levels of dispositional trust (McKnight et al. 2002; McKnight et al. 2004; Harding et al. 2016) and have relatively more doubt about the validity of an assertion than about its invalidity, assuming some level of management bias or dishonesty by management unless evidence indicates otherwise (Bell, Peecher, and Solomon 2005). This definition is consistent with fraud standards and under this view, skepticism is the opposite of trust (Shaub 1996) (Janssen et al. 2020).
Rule of Reciprocity (Golden Rule)	Experience has made me a firm believer in the Round World Theory. The world goes around, and what goes around comes around. We may think that what we did today is done when the sun sets. But it will likely come back around to visit us when the sun rises some other day. The way we treat other people largely determines the way they will treat us back. This is one reason why the Golden Rule is not just a good rule of ethics; it is a good rule of business. Treat other people the way you would like them to treat you, and they probably will (Parker, 2008).
Scribe (Documenter or Session Analyst)	The documenter is responsible for supporting the facilitator.  This is a very important role to fulfill, their documentation ability yields session results and output.  The documenter does not write down everything that is said and does not record the name of the speaker. Responsibilities include: – Recording and capturing ideas generated. – Capturing notes about discussion. – Capturing all questions presented for the group activities. – Documenting only what the group decides and as directed by the facilitator.  – Providing rapid retrieval of ideas, conclusions, decisions, etc., throughout the session. – Capturing open issues. – Providing supplies and equipment as needed by the facilitator. – Assisting the facilitator in developing feedback documentation.   Source: (Ernst & Young, LLP, 1996, p. 5).
Team	A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993).
Teleology	Acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result (such as self-interest or utility) (Ferrell & Fraedrich, 2019). Teleology is partly from French and partly from German. Teleo is Greek, from Telos: end, purpose, ultimate aim. When Aristotle outlined “causes”, telos was the final cause.
Values	I am frequently asked, “What are the differences between values, ethics, morals and principles?” My short answer to the question is usually, “Values motivate, morals and ethics constrain.” In other words values describe what is important in a person’s life, while ethics and morals prescribe what is or is not considered appropriate behaviour in living one’s life.  Principles inform our choice of values, morals and ethics (Chippendale, 2016).

References

• American Accounting Association Committee on Basic Auditing Concepts. (1973). A Statement of Basic Auditing Concepts. American Accounting Association.
• APQC. (2012). Process Classification Framwork, Version 6.0.0. APQC (American Productivity & Quality Center).
• Association of International Certified Professional Accountants. (2020). How to Help Your Students Become Better Critical Thinkers. https://www.thiswaytocpa.com/collectedmedia/files/critical-thinking-faculty-guide.pdf
• Chippendale, P. (2016, August 27). On Values, Ethics, Morals & Principles. Values Inventory (AVI). Retrieved October 1, 2023, from www.minessence.net 
• Davenport, T. (1993). Process Innovation: Reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business School Press.
• Erhard, W., Jensen, M. C., & Zaffron, S. (2016). Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics, and Legality—Abridged (English Language Version). Harvard Business School Working Paper.
• Ernst & Young, LLP. (1996). General Facilitation Concepts.
• Ferrell, O. C., & Fraedrich, J. (2019). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases (12th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Financial Accounting Standards Board. (2021). Chapter 4, Elements of Financial Statements, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 8. Financial Accounting Foundation.
• GoalQPC. 2002. Facilitation Dynamics: Make your work teams more productive. 
• International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. (2013). ISAE 3000 (Revised), Assurance Engagements Other than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information (International Standards on Assurance Engagements). International Federation of Accountants.
• Janssen, S., Hardies, K., Vanstraelen, AS., & Zehms, K. M. (2020). Professional skepticism traits and fraud brainstorming quality (3719155). SSRN.
• Katzenbach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (1993). The Discipline of Teams. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 111–120.
• Macqueen, C. (1998). Getting ahead in tertiary study: a practical guide for business, social science, and arts students. Sydney, Australia: UNSW Press.
• Monga, M. (2016). Integrity and its antecedent: A unified conceptual framework of integrity. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(5), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2016.0040
• Parker, J. F. (2008). Do the Right Thing: How dedicated employees create loyal customers and large profits. Wharton School Publishing.
• Thagard, P., & Shelley, C. (1997). Abductive Reasoning: Logic, Visual Thinking, and Coherence. In Logic and Scientific Methods: Volume One of the Tenth international Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995 (pp. 413–427). Springer Netherlands.